The dose and route of administration varies by product (see Section II.6 below for details): For all influenza vaccines (IIV and LAIV), NACI recommends that influenza vaccination should not be given to: For LAIV, in addition to the above-mentioned contraindications, NACI also recommends that LAIV should not be given to: Refer to Contents of Immunizing Agents Available for Use in Canada in Part 1 of the CIG for a list of all vaccines authorized for use in Canada and their contents and to Vaccine Safety in Part 2 of the CIG for information regarding the management of adverse events, including anaphylaxis. Based on a systematic review of the literature, NACI has concluded that there is insufficient evidence at this time on the comparative effectiveness and immunogenicity of unadjuvanted subunit and split virus inactivated influenza vaccines in adults 65 years of age and older to support specific recommendations on the differential use of these vaccines (Grade I Evidence). 2006;7(9):562-7, Accreditation Canada. Pediatrics. 2012;55(7):951-9, Yamaguchi S, Ohfuji S, Hirota Y. There are two main types of influenza virus: A and B. Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among poultry workers, Hong Kong, 1997-1998. Effectiveness of an influenza vaccine programme for care home staff to prevent death, morbidity, and health service use among residents: cluster randomised controlled trial. GBS within 6 weeks following vaccination. Posted by Sumit Arora December 24, 2020 December 24, 2020 Leave a comment on 24 December 2020 Daily GK Update: Read Daily GK, Current Affairs for Bank Exam Here is the Daily GK Update of 24th December 2020 covering the following news headlines: World Bank, FDI, FRUITS, PayU, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay-NIF book prize, Ayodhya. 2012;184(6):645-53, Fell DB, Sprague AE, Liu N, Yasseen III AS, Wen SW, Smith G, Walker MC. Influenza vaccination is efficacious and safe in renal transplant recipients. LAIV contains standardized quantities of fluorescent focus units (FFU) of live attenuated reassortants and is given as a 0.2 mL dose (0.1 mL in each nostril). It is recommended that biosecurity measures such as personal protective equipment and antivirals be used. Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and older. As part of outbreak management, the above-mentioned PHAC guidance suggests consideration of chemoprophylaxis for all unvaccinated HCWs, unless contraindications exist. Emerg Infect Dis. J Infect Dis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(33):1057-62, Cromer D, van Hoek AJ, Jit M, Edmunds WJ, Fleming D, Miller E. The burden of influenza in England by age and clinical risk group: a statistical analysis to inform vaccine policy. NACI recommends that LAIV may be given to children with stable, non-severe asthma and children with cystic fibrosis who are not treated with immunosuppressive drugs, such as prolonged systemic corticosteroids. A pre-licensure efficacy trial in children 6–71 months of age found a higher relative efficacy for IIV-Adj than the unadjuvanted IIV3-SDFootnote 118. In addition to burden of disease and vaccine characteristics, the Public Health Agency of Canada has expanded the mandate of NACI to include the consideration of programmatic factors in developing evidence-based recommendations to facilitate timely decision-making for publicly funded vaccine programs at provincial and territorial levels. Mutual interference on the immune response to yellow fever vaccine and a combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella. 2015;211(12):1915-24, DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Jordanov E, Landolfi V, Denis M, Talbot HK. IIV should be used for pregnant women, adults with any of the chronic health conditions identified in List 1, and HCWs. The risk of GBS associated with influenza vaccination must be balanced against the risk of GBS associated with influenza infection itself and all the other benefits of influenza vaccinationFootnote 157,Footnote 158,Footnote 159,Footnote 160. Board Games in the English Classroom.pdf, Identifying and Building Grit in Language Learners.pdf, #topnotchenglish_children_learning_english.pdf, topnotchenglish_skills_for_success_reading_and_writing_2e_intro_student_book.pdf, q_skills_for_success_reading_and_writing_2e_intro_teacher_s_resources.7z, topnotchenglish_Select Readings 2nd Elementary.pdf, topnotchenglish_Select Readings 2nd Pre Intermediate.pdf, topnotchenglish_Select Readings 2nd Intermediate.pdf, topnotchenglish_Select Readings 2nd Upper Intermediate.pdf, 1ward_beech_linda_great_grammar_practice_grade_6.pdf. Therefore, HCWs should consider annual influenza vaccination included in their responsibility to provide the highest standard of care. In the NACI Literature Review on Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines, only one study was identified that measured IIV4-SD efficacy. Vaccine effectiveness may be lower in people with immune compromising conditions than in healthy adults. (PDF format, 568 KB, 65 pages), Organization: Public Health Agency of Canada. Available from: http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2008/nativetrends/ind_1_6.asp, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Pediatrics. The authors are experienced English language teachers with strong backgrounds in language analysis and language learning. Clin Infect Dis. Vaccine. Pregnant women, because it is a live attenuated vaccine and there is a lack of safety data at this time; LAIV is not contraindicated in breastfeeding mothers. 2011;365:1406-16, Vesikari T, Groth N, Karvonen A, Borkowski A, Pellegrini M. MF59®-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (FLUAD®) in children: safety and immunogenicity following a second year seasonal vaccination. Because children 6–23 months of age are less likely to have had prior priming exposure to an influenza virus, special effort is warranted to ensure that a two-dose schedule is followed for previously unvaccinated children in this age group. There is insufficient evidence (cost-effectiveness assessments have not been performed) to make comparative public health program-level recommendations on the use of the available vaccines. People who have developed Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) within 6 weeks of a previous influenza vaccination (refer to. 2008;8(2):332-7, Manuel O, Humar A, Chen MH, Chernenko S, Singer LG, Cobos I, Kumar D. Immunogenicity and safety of an intradermal boosting strategy for vaccination against influenza in lung transplant recipients. However, the pandemic vaccine was a single strain adjuvanted vaccine administered only during one season, and it is unknown what effects a multi-strain adjuvanted vaccine or an adjuvanted vaccine administered for more than one season may have in young children. Vaccine. 2012;31(7):745-51, Block SL, Yi T, Sheldon E, Dubovsky F, Falloon J. Although the evidence considering influenza vaccination and GBS is inadequate to accept or reject a causal relation between GBS in adults and seasonal influenza vaccination, avoiding subsequent influenza vaccination of individuals known to have had GBS without other known etiology within 6 weeks of a previous influenza vaccination appears prudent at this time. Pediatr Int. 2010;303(15):1517-25, Mak TK, Mangtani P, Leese J, Watson JM, Pfeifer D. Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: current evidence and selected national policies. The additional factors to be considered by NACI include: economics, ethics, equity, feasibility, and acceptability. The safety of IIV during pregnancy has been reviewedFootnote 33. These vaccines are unadjuvanted, contain 15 µg HA per strain, and are administered as a 0.5 mL dose by IM injection. Refer to Vaccine Safety in Part 2 of the CIG for additional information. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;141(3):620-30, Reichert TA, Sugaya N, Fedson DS, Glezen WP, Simonsen L, Tashiro M. The Japanese experience with vaccinating schoolchildren against influenza. Adults may be able to spread influenza to others from 1 day before symptom onset to approximately 5 days after symptoms start. Vaccine. All manufacturers that distribute influenza vaccine products in Canada confirm to Health Canada that the vaccines to be marketed in Canada for the upcoming influenza season contain the WHO-recommended antigenic strains for the Northern Hemisphere. In the NACI Literature Review on Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines, a review of B lineage antigens included in the Canadian influenza vaccines and the circulating strains each season indicates a match in 5 of the 12 seasons from 2001–2002 through to 2012–2013, a moderate match (about 50% from each lineage) in 1 season, and a mismatch in remaining 6 influenza seasons (70% or more of the characterized B strains were of the opposite lineage to the antigen in that season’s vaccine). NACI recommends the inclusion of all pregnant women, at any stage of pregnancy, among the particularly recommended recipients of IIV, due to the risk of influenza-associated morbidity in pregnant womenFootnote 16,Footnote 17,Footnote 18,Footnote 19,Footnote 20, evidence of adverse neonatal outcomes associated with maternal respiratory hospitalization or influenza during pregnancyFootnote 21,Footnote 22,Footnote 23,Footnote 24, evidence that vaccination of pregnant women protects their newborns from influenza and influenza-related hospitalizationFootnote 25,Footnote 26,Footnote 27,Footnote 28, and evidence that infants born during influenza season to vaccinated women are less likely to be premature, small for gestational age, and of low birth weightFootnote 29,Footnote 30,Footnote 31,Footnote 32. Ottawa: Accreditation Canada. Safety and immunogenicity of concurrent administration of live attenuated influenza vaccine with measles-mumps-rubella and varicella vaccines to infants 12 to 15 months of age. 2012;54(12):1778-83, Cowling BJ, Ng S, Ma ES, Fang VJ, So HC, Wai W, Cheng CK, Wong JY, Chan KH, Ip DK, Chiu SS. 2010;28(15):2722-9, Kwong JC, Maaten S, Upshur RE, Patrick DM, Marra F. The effect of universal influenza immunization on antibiotic prescriptions: an ecological study. Accessed: 9 October 2018. Additional information regarding egg-allergic individuals and GBS is provided below. 2005;165(3):274-80, Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, Iwane M. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. Depending on the year, the peak may occur as early as fall or as late as spring. Individuals, families and children in poverty. children 6 months to 18 years of age undergoing treatment for long periods with acetylsalicylic acid, because of the potential increase of Reye’s syndrome associated with influenza. Increase in prevalence of diseases worldwide, developments in the life science, biotechnology, and healthcare industries, and rise in demand for high-purity products drive the growth of the global medical membrane market. With the availability of influenza vaccines that are designed to enhance immunogenicity in specific age groups or given through a different route of administration, the choice of product has become more complex. IIV4-SD should be used for children for whom LAIV is contraindicated, such as in children with: medically attended wheezing in the 7 days prior to vaccination; current receipt of aspirin or aspirin-containing therapy; and. The NACI Literature Review on the Comparative Effectiveness and Immunogenicity of Subunit and Split Virus Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Adults 65 Years of Age and Older found no statistically significant differences in VE of subunit IIV3-SD compared with split virus IIV3-SD in adults 65 years of age and older against infection with any influenza virus strain, or against infection with influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), or B virus specifically. NACI will continue to monitor the literature related to this issue. The mechanism of action of MF59 is not fully determined and has primarily been studied using in vitro and mouse models. BMJ. For more information regarding vaccination administration timing rules, please refer to Timing of Vaccine Administration in Part 1 of the CIG. There are many pollutants that are major factors in disease in humans. High-dose trivalent influenza vaccine compared to standard dose vaccine in elderly adults: safety, immunogenicity and relative efficacy during the 2009-2010 season. • The development of gene therapies for hemophilia has advanced significantly, with product registration likely in the near future. Delegate to Congress Stacey Plaskett has announced a massive amount of funding for the V.I. CMAJ. BIM handbook: A guide to building information modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors. The virus strains in LAIV are cold-adapted and temperature sensitive, so they replicate in the nasal mucosa rather than the lower respiratory tract, and they are attenuated, so they do not produce ILI. 2003;21(31):4507-13, Kawai S, Nanri S, Ban E, Inokuchi M, Tanaka T, Tokumura M, Kimura K, Sugaya N. Influenza vaccination of schoolchildren and influenza outbreaks in a school. Currently available influenza vaccines are not authorized for use for infants less than 6 months of age. Seroresponse to the B strains in the vaccines was about 1.5 times greater (1.3–1.7) in the IIV3-HD recipients than the IIV3-SD recipients. In Nace et al., seroprotection was higher against A(H3N2) and B but not A(H1N1); this finding may be attributed to strain circulation during the study that made it difficult to assess seroprotection against this subtypeFootnote 133. Influenza is primarily transmitted by droplets spread through coughing or sneezing and through direct or indirect contact with respiratory secretions. Recommendations for use and other information set out herein may differ from that set out in the product monograph(s) of the Canadian manufacturer(s) of the vaccine(s). Recommendation for individual-level decision making, (i.e., individuals wishing to protect themselves from influenza or vaccine providers wishing to advise individual patients about preventing influenza). Deaths related to 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian/Alaska Natives - 12 states, 2009. The decision to include specific influenza vaccines as part of publicly funded provincial and territorial programs depends on several factors, such as cost-effectiveness evaluation and other programmatic and operational factors, such as implementation strategies. Abbreviations: IIV3-SD: standard-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine; IIV4-SD: standard-dose quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine; LAIV3: trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine; LAIV4: quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine.
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